VU AN NGUYEN KHAC TOAN
LS. Nguyen Huu Thong
Ngay 20-12-2002 bi can Nguyen Khac Toan bi Toa An Nhan Dan Ha Noi ket an
12 nam tu ve toi gian ddiep, vi dda cung cap cho nuoc ngoai nhung tin tuc tai lieu dde nuoc nay su dung chong lai Viet Nam.
Theo ban Cao Trang cua Vien Kiem Sat Nhan Dan Toi Cao, bi can Nguyen Khac Toan bi truy to ve toi Gian DDiep ma hinh phat co the dden tu hinh. Chieu DDieu 80 Bo Luat Hinh Su, Khoan 1, DDiem C:
Nguoi nao co mot trong nhung hanh vi sau dday thi bi phat tu tu 12 nam dden 20 nam, tu chung than hoac tu hinh.
a) ...................
b) ...................
c) Cung cap hoac thu thap nham cung cap bi mat Nha Nuoc cho nuoc ngoai;
thu thap cung cap tin tuc, tai lieu khac nham muc ddich dde nuoc ngoai su dung chong nuoc Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Nghia Viet Nam.
[Whoever transmits or collects for transmitting state secrets to a foreign nation; collects, transmits other information or documents with intent that they are to be used by the foreign nation against the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, shall be punished by imprisonment from 12 years to 20 years, life imprisonment or death.]
Trong che ddo Dan Chu Phap Tri, voi mot he thong toa an ddoc lap bi can se dduoc tuyen bo la vo toi. Vi toa an dda vi pham cac thu tuc to tung va Vien Kiem Sat khong chung minh dduoc bi can dda co nhung hanh ddong gian ddiep.
VI PHAM THU TUC.
Ve mat thu tuc, Vien Kiem Sat Nhan Dan dda cho ddang dduong noi vu mot cach voi va dde xet xu chop nhoang vao ngay thu sau cuoi tuan (gan le Giang Sinh). Voi va nen dda khong thong tri Ban Cao Trang kip thoi cho bi can va luat su. Hon nua bi can chi dduoc tu do tiep xuc va thao luan voi luat su mot ngay truoc phien xu.
DDay la su vi pham tho bao quyen bien ho. Vi Cong To Vien dda khong cho bi can va luat su ddu thoi gian thiet lap ho so bao chua, dde phan bac cac ddieu cao buoc cua Vien Kiem Sat bang cach xuat trinh bang chung va vien dan nhan chung, cung nhu nghien cuu va neu len nhung quan ddiem phap ly dde go toi cho bi can.
Trong he thong phap tri, Thu Tuc la chi em sinh ddoi cua Tu Do. Vi pham thu tuc va vi pham quyen bien ho la vi pham quyen tu do than the va an ninh than the. Trong truong hop ddo ban an ket toi neu co, cung se bi Toi Cao Phap Vien tieu huy.
Chieu DDieu 36 Bo Luat To Tung hinh su, dde giu bi mat ddieu tra, ve cac toi ddac biet nguy hiem xam pham an ninh quoc gia (nhu toi gian ddiep hay phan quoc) toa an khong cho luat su du kien khi cuoc ddieu tra chua ket thuc.
DDay la mot ddieu luat quai ddan (judicial anomaly). Theo nguyen tac, moi nguoi ddeu binh ddang truoc toa an dau la bi cao ve tieu hinh hay ddai hinh. DDung ly ra, toi trang cang nang thi cang can dden luat su dde benh vuc va du kien trong ca hai giai ddoan, giai ddoan ddieu tra so van tai cong an va giai ddoan tham van va tranh luan truoc toa.
Trong he thong tu phap Viet Nam hien nay, toa an bien thanh phap ddinh ton giao thoi Trung Co trong ddo,u thay vi la nguoi trong tai vo tu, chanh an dda ddong vai buoc toi, va toa dda xu kin dde giu bi mat ddieu tra hay bi mat nha nuoc. Trong hien vu, cuoc ddieu tra dduoc tien hanh bi mat khong co su du kien cua luat su. Toa khai mac hoi 8 gio ruoi sang va tuyen an hoi 3 gio ruoi chieu cung ngay. DDay ro ret la mot ban an tien che.
(The Vietnamese Government adopts the inquisitory system in which the judges act as prosecutors and the proceedings are conducted secretly. The investigations and reports have been made without the presence and counseling of an independent attorney).
QUAN DDIEM PHAP LY
Ve mat noi dung, trong ho so khong co cac tai lieu hay tin tuc nao lien quan dden bi mat Nha Nuoc dda dduoc cung cap cho nuoc ngoai. Va lai bi can cung khong cung cap bat cu tai lieu hay tin tuc nao khac cho nuoc ngoai dde nuoc nay su dung chong lai Viet Nam.
Cac hang thong tan, ddai phat thanh va bao chi khong phai la nuoc ngoai theo nghia DDieu 80 Hinh Luat. Hon nua cac co quan truyen thong nay cung khong co tu cach phap nhan dde ddai dien cho mot nuoc ngoai (nhu Hoa Ky).
Ve mat chinh tri va ngoai giao, Hoa Ky khong phai la mot nuoc thu ddich voi Viet Nam. Tu nam 1977 Hoa Ky dda khong su dung quyen phu quyet dde bac ddon cua Viet Nam xin gia nhap Lien Hiep Quoc. Hoa Ky dda ddon phuong bai bo cam van va thiet lap bang giao voi Viet Nam. Moi dday Hoa Ky con danh cho Viet Nam quy che toi hue quoc va dda ky Hiep DDoc Thuong Mai voi Viet Nam.
Ma neu Hoa Ky co thong tri cho Lien Hiep Quoc nhung vi pham nhan quyen cua Viet Nam, cung khong ngoai muc ddich yeu cau LHQ khuyen cao Viet Nam ton trong chu ky va danh du quoc gia, bang cach ton trong hien phap va cac cong uoc quoc te dde hoi nhap vao cong ddong nhan loai van minh, dde cao nhan pham va de xuong nhan quyen. DDo la mot ddai hanh cho dan toc Viet Nam, chu khong phai la hanh vi cua ke thu ddich.
Nguoi bien ho co nghia vu neu ra nhung quan ddiem phap ly dde minh oan cho bi can truoc du luan quoc te va quoc noi.
1. Toi gian ddiep dduoc ghi trong Chuong 11 ve cac toi xam pham an ninh quoc gia. Cung nhu toi phan quoc, hinh phat co the dden tu hinh.
Tai Viet Nam toi gian ddiep nao cung co the phat dden tu hinh.
Trong 8 toi gian ddiep, Luat Hoa Ky chi phat dden tu hinh mot toi gian ddiep ddac biet nguy hiem trong thoi chien tranh khi cac tin tu c tai lieu cung cap cho nuoc ngoai co tinh cach toi quan trong ve an ninh quoc phong nhu cac bi mat nguyen tu (DDieu 794).
DDac biet nguy hiem co nghia la thuc su dde doa su ton vong cua quoc gia trong
thoi chien tranh, khi quoc gia phai chien ddau cho su song con cua minh.
DDac biet nguy hiem nhu viec cung cap cho ngoai bang cac bi mat lien quan dden viec che tao va ddieu hanh bom nguyen tu. Vi ngoai bang co the su dung vo khi nguyen tu gay nguy hiem cho ddoi song cua hang trieu ddong bao.
Trong hien vu, khong thay Vien Kiem Sat neu ra nhung hanh vi nao cua bi can dda xam pham an ninh quoc gia.
2. Quyen tu do thong tin va tu do phat bieu dduoc long trong xac nhan trong DDieu 69 Hien Phap Viet Nam, cung nhu trong Cong DDoc ve Nhung Quyen Dan Su va Chinh Tri ma Viet Nam dda tham gia nam 1982. Cong DDoc Quoc Te nay dda dduoc quoc hoi phe chuan nen co hieu luc phap ly cao hon hien phap va luat phap quoc gia.
DDieu 19 Cong DDoc viet:
Moi nguoi ddeu co quyen tu do phat bieu; quyen nay bao gom quyen tu do tim kiem, tiep nhan va pho bien cac tin tuc y kien bang moi phuong tien truyen thong, khong ke bien gioi quoc gia.
Viec hanh su quyen tu do phat bieu chi co the bi gioi han boi luat phap vi nhu cau bao ve an ninh quoc gia
(Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, through any media of his choice.
The exercise of these rights may therefore be subject to certain restrictions, but these shall only be, such as are provided by law and are necessary for the protection of national security...)
Do ddo viec hanh su quyen tu do thong tin chi bi cam ddoan va trung phat trong truong hop nguoi dan cung cap nhung tai lieu tin tuc lien quan dden an ninh quoc phong cho nuoc ngoai.
3. Bi mat Nha Nuoc.
DDieu 80 Hinh Luat dde cap dden bi mat Nha Nuoc la mot y niem mo ho. Bi mat Nha Nuoc bao gom ca nhung tin tuc khong lien quan dden an ninh quoc phong. Ban phuc trinh cua Vo van Kiet cung dda dduoc toa an coi la bi mat Nha Nuoc trong vu an Ha Si Phu 1996. Cho dden cuoi nam 2001, Hiep DDoc Bien Gioi Viet Trung va Hiep DDoc Vinh Bac Bo ky ket voi Trung Quoc cung dda dduoc coi la mat uoc hay bi mat Nha Nuoc.
4. Cac tin tuc tai lieu khac ghi trong DDieu 80 Hinh Luat neu khong thuoc bi mat quoc phong, thi khong bi coi la nhung tai lieu cam cung cap cho nuoc ngoai. Theo Cong DDoc ve Nhung Quyen Dan Su va Chinh Tri, quyen tu do thong tin cho phep moi nguoi pho bien tin tuc tai lieu bang moi phuong tien truyen thong, khong ke bien gioi quoc gia, mien la nhung tin tuc nay khong lien quan dden an ninh quoc phong.
Cac tin tuc tai lieu khac co pham vi qua bao quat vi lien quan dden tat ca cac tai lieu phong su hay tin tuc cong khai (public information). Thi du khi mot phong vien cung cap nhung tin tuc ve viec nha cam quyen Viet Nam vi pham nhan quyen (nhu ddan ap ton giao), dde chinh phu Hoa Ky dung lam tai lieu thong tri cho Uy Ban Nhan Quyen Lien Hiep Quoc, thi nguoi cung cap tin tuc cung co the bi toa an Viet Nam ket an tu hinh ve toi gian ddiep.
5. Cung cap tin tuc cho nuoc ngoai.
Cung cap tin tuc cho cac to chuc tu nhan nhu cac hang thong tan, cac ddai phat thanh va bao chi khong phai la cung cap tin tuc cho nuoc ngoai. Vi cac co quan truyen thong nay khong phai la nuoc ngoai va cung khong co tu cach ddai dien cho bat cu nuoc ngoai nao.
6, Quyen tham gia quan ly nha nuoc, quyen mit tinh va bieu tinh.
Viec Nguyen Khac Toan giup ddo ddong bao trong viec thao kien nghi, khang
thu, khieu kien va van ddong ddong bao tham du cac cuoc mit tinh va bieu tinh dde phan khang nhung hanh vi hiep ddap va cuong ddoat ddat ddai cua nong dan tai ca hai mien Nam Bac, cung khong phai la nhung hanh vi gian ddiep. DDieu 53 Hien Phap bao ddam cho nguoi dan quyen dduoc tham gia vao viec quan ly Nha Nuoc, tham gia bang thao luan, phe phan, kien nghi v...v... DDieu 74 Hien Phap cong nhan cho cong dan quyen khieu nai, khieu to nhung hanh vi pham phap cua nha cam quyen.
DDieu 69 Hien Phap con cong nhan cho nguoi dan quyen tu do phat bieu bang moi hinh thuc nhu tap hop mit tinh, to chuc bieu tinh v...v... mien la khong dung dden bao ddong vo trang. Quyen tu do thong tin cho phep moi nguoi pho bien cac tin tuc tai lieu cho nuoc ngoai, neu nhung tin tuc tai lieu nay khong lien quan dden an ninh quoc phong.
7. Ban an tien che.
DDu tu lon nhat cua nguoi bien ho la viec DDang Cong San nam giu ddoc quyen lanh ddao nha nuoc ve lap phap, hanh phap va tu phap. Lich su tu phap Viet Nam tu nhieu nam nay cho biet nhung ban an chinh tri ddeu la nhung ban an tien che theo chi thi cua DDang Cong San.
Nam 1976 trong vu an Vinh Son phat Luat Su Nguyen Khac Chinh tu chung than ve toi am muu lat ddo chinh quyen nhan dan, khi cuoc tham van va tranh luan truoc toa ket thuc, toa ddinh dde nghi an trong 1 tieng ddong ho (dde thao luan va viet an trong phong tham nghi). Khi tro lai phong xu, toa ddoc mot ban an rat dai, mat hon 1 tieng ddong ho. Viec nay cho biet ban an dda dduoc viet tu truoc khi toa khai mac.
Trong 4 ban an chinh tri, ban an ngay 29-11-1991 phat Bac si Nguyen DDan Que 20 nam tu ve toi am muu lat ddo chinh quyen nhan dan, ban an ngay 19-10-2001 phat Linh Muc Nguyen Van Ly 15 nam tu ve cac toi pha hoai chinh sach ddoan ket quoc gia va vi pham quyet ddinh quan che hanh chanh, ban an ngay 8-11-2002 phat Luat Su Le Chi Quang 4 nam tu ve toi tuyen truyen chong Nha Nuoc va ban an ngay 20-12-2002 phat Nguyen Khac Toan 12 nam tu ve toi gian ddiep, co ddiem tuong ddong la ca 4 vu an ddeu dda dduoc xet xu van tat trong may tieng ddong ho vao ngay thu sau cuoi tuan. Ban an Le Chi Quang dda dduoc moi nguoi hay biet tu may thang truoc khi toa khai mac.
CHINH DANH VA CHINH NGHIA
Danh khong chinh thi ngon khong thuan; ngon khong thuan thi nghia ly khong thanh; nghia ly khong thanh thi luat phap khong minh; luat phap khong minh thi hinh phat khong trung; hinh phat khong trung thi dan khong biet dde tay chan vao ddau cho khoi tu toi.
Tai Viet Nam ngay nay luat phap ddinh toi danh khong minh bach va toa an xet xu khong cong minh. Nhung nguoi luong thien co long voi ddat nuoc bi bat giam ddoc ddoan dda y thuc cau noi cua co nhan luat phap ha khac con ddoc ac hon manh thuu.
Tai cac quoc gia dan chu phap tri, luat phap dduoc ban hanh dde bao ve tu do danh du va tai san cho nguoi dan, toa an dduoc thiet lap dde ban phat cong ly cho con nguoi. Trong che ddo ddoc tai ddang tri, nha cam quyen dda dung luat phap va toa an lam cong cu dde ddan ap va khung bo nhung nguoi tha thiet voi tu do dan chu va nhan quyen.
Do ddo muon bao ve quyen tu do than the va an ninh than the nguoi dan khong con con dduong nao khac la phai ddung len ddau tranh dde bai bo che ddo DDoc Tai DDang Tri va thiet lap che ddo Dan Chu Phap Tri.
LS Nguyen Huu Thong
(20-12-2002)